Computer Technology - 1733 Words

Computer technology is advancing at a rapid rate, causing the diversity and availability of assistive technology computer resources to have a tremendous impact for special education students across the United States. Assistive technology provides an opportunity for students with physical, emotional, and mental disabilities to acquire universal access to tools and opportunities for learning. Despite studies showing the benefits of assistive technology, many school districts fail to achieve the fullest potential that assistive technology can offer. This paper will define assistive technology, identify several obstacles of effective implementation, and present various approaches to overcoming those obstacles. Assistive technology is defined†¦show more content†¦Technology has made it easier for people to communicate in a faster, efficient, and cost saving means through the introduction of the communication channels. The world has turned out to be the centre for technology with different technologies emerging daily as the people continue to develop from time to time to cope with the growing technology. The benefits of adopting the communication technology are explained in this article which shows why people do not function without technology. Communication and Technology Communication is a critical thing in today’s society because the exchange of information is vital in living. People live both locally and globally through technological connections by maintaining contact and interaction between individuals from all corners of the world. Communication binds people, helps maintaining the society healthy and enables people to interact and make friends from different regions and cultures. According to Adrian in 2006, communication and information technology plays a great role in the individuals’ life. There is a high rate of growth of the communication technology industry and the benefits as more people come up with new means of communication by day. A point has reached where activities cannot function without information technology due to the many benefits whichShow MoreRelatedThe Computer Of Computer Technology901 Words   |  4 Pagesof the technology sector has been exponential. The introduction of the personal computer (PC) was the tr ue catalyst for the growth in popularity of computer technology. With this introduction also came the growth in popularity of being a computer scientist. The code used to write the software for these personal computers was brand new and easy to use. What made it easy to use was the fact that the computer code for the PC was very similar to the English language; whereas, previous computers used punchRead MoreComputer Technology And Computing Technology743 Words   |  3 PagesAbstract—Computation-intensive mobile applications are more in demand with the evolution in computer technology, while the computation capacities of mobile devices are limited. Computation offloading is a challenging method that sends heavy computation task to the resourceful computers and obtains results from them, provided computation offloading decision should balance system s benefits and costs. This paper presents the survey of various such computation offloading decisions algorithms highlightingRe ad MoreComputer Technology And Pharmacy : Computers1713 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 27, 2015 Computer Technology and Pharmacy Computer Technology and Pharmacy Over the past 40 years, information technology has had a major impact on the working lives of millions of people. Many industries have embraced computer technology because of the benefits of automated information processing. More importantly, Computers is a major part of our every day activities and it would be devastating if it was taking away because everything we do in some way requires a use of a computer. Some of theRead MoreEvolution of Computer Technology1581 Words   |  7 Pagesof inventions made by different people into modern forms. Single inventors rarely bring out modern invention. What we have now as electronic devices (the computers) are inventions of several scientists, mathematicians and engineers from different centuries. For the purpose of this mini research key terms like evolution, technology and computer shall be considered, not forgetting to take a careful look at the evolution of these inventions from different centuries/years to our present generation star tingRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Computer Technology1795 Words   |  8 PagesCLOUD ASSISTED WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES TEAM 7 Assignment No. 2 Bharti Kodwani Kavya Malla Nivedhitha Venkatachalam Sushanta Sahoo Email addresses bharti.kodwani@sjsu.edu kavya.malla@sjsu.edu sushanta.sahoo@sjsu.edu nivedhitha.venkatachalam@sjsu.edu Introduction: There have been numerous changes in the computer technology since the first computer was invented and this is an ongoing process. During this whole time computers have shrinked tremendously in size and now can be carriedRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime1296 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes† (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The term hacker came about in the early 80’s defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. HoweverRead MoreTechnology : History Of Computers1924 Words   |  8 PagesEthington English IV 22 October 2015 Technology: History of Computers Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone’sRead MoreComputer And Internet Technology : Computer Hardware1532 Words   |  7 Pages Computer and Internet Technology Computer Hardware A report for Geoff Wingfield By Joseph Key 9th December 2014 Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Why Copper Tracks (Busses) Are Ultimately Limited In How Much Data Can Be Delivered By Them Per Second 3 2.1 Why Devices Such As Microprocessors Get Hot And Why The Heat Increases With Higher Clock Rates 3 2.2 Cost Of A PC Running 3 3.0 Describe How The Latest Technology Is Used To Optimise Its Operation For Speed 4 4.0 Cost Of Building ARead MoreTechnology in Computer Forensics1893 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of computer forensics. Computer forensics involves carefully collecting and examining electronic evidence that not only evaluates the damage to a computer as a result of an electronic assault, but also to recuperate lost information from a system to prosecute a criminal in a court of law. Since security is such an important factor in technology, it is crucial for any type of computer professionals to understand the aspects of computer forensics. Seeing that technology is such a majorRead MoreComputer Technology And The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesComputer Technology and Internet The internet has changed the world like nothing before it. It has changed communications and computer technologies, and allowed other technologies to come along. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and the computer in the past brought about the invention of the internet. Internet is one of the most successful commitments to research and development of information capabilities. The first record of any type of social interaction on the internet, through

Annotated Bibliography Of The Usa Patriot Act - 1349 Words

Part Two: The Search Results Before, I had a difficult time finding decent articles or any at all. I figured it was my keywords and I needed to put less in the search bar. The articles I have found so far are really long and dry. Because of this, it was harder to comprehend. I started with the Annotated Bibliography and have found decent information analyzing. What I have been learning recently is that too many Americans are paranoid that the government is constantly looking at their emails and phone calls. Kevin Maney claims that most of the data at NSA sits in storage because no one has time to look at it all (Maney). I strongly agree with him and it seems logical. Yet Americans will be worried either way. Friday November 11th, I saw many articles of history claiming that government surveillance has been happening since Watergate and after the 9/11 attacks. Jane Harman implies that security sparked from the mistake of not protecting enough (Harman). The USA PATRIOT Act gave the government the authority to research forms of communication prior to 9/11 (â€Å"Domestic†). President George W. Bush authorized the National Security Agency, NSA, to look into the media and is believed to be the largest intelligence agency in the United States (â€Å"Domestic†). NSA has a location in Utah that can hold about 100 years of international data (Maney). Also, Lauren Regan claims that the new facility will be 1.5 million square feet (Regan 32). It’s shocking that they’ve made that big of aShow MoreRelatedPuritans, Quakers, And Witchcraft1416 Words   |  6 Pageswidely distributed; the essay then became various rules and regulations that were to keep order that kept thems elves and others alive to form the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Ann Hutchinson and Roger Williams were banned from the colony after their acts that opposed the Puritan society. Massachusetts Bay Colony November 1637 was the height of antinomian controversy. During Ann Hutchinson’s civil trial that culminated in her own banishment; it was agreed upon that Hutchinson had dishonored her figurativeRead MoreWe the People- Examination of the Relationship between the Government and Governed 1996 Words   |  8 Pagesdramatically stricken by the terrorist attacks implemented on the World Trade Center (WTC) that we failed to carry a belief of minimizing the government’s constraints on the people. This society has no conflicts of the criteria presented in the USA Patriot Act (P.L. 107-56 Stat. 272) and has full faith in the rules of due process. Due process defined is recognized as â€Å"the regular administration of the law, according to which no citizen may be denied his or her legal rights and all laws must conformRead MoreMacro Econom ic Analysis of Coca Cola4039 Words   |  17 Pageserosion of margins, and slackening sales growth potential (Cravens et al, 2000). Therefore strategies in product management, distribution, pricing and promotional activity are developed. In this case, Strategic Market Planning Process (appendix A) act as the model to identify Coca-Cola Company strategies was used in the competition of mature market. The first step has to be done is the SWOT analysis. This identifies the Coca-Cola Business Performance, Market Attractiveness and Competitive Advantage

Sexism and Misogyny in Christian Tradition - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sexism and Misogyny in Christian Tradition. Answer: Introduction: In the Book of Genesis, Old Testament, the heavenly Garden of Eden was inhabited by the first man and woman in the world, Adam and Eve. In this story, God creates Eve from one of the ribs of Adam, the reason, to give him company, or more precisely as his companion(Hawkins 206). This creates an image of women of being a mere resource for male. Moreover, the image of the God and his son further implements the male centric views in the Old Testament (Keil et al.). Since then the depiction of women was mostly complementary to the depiction of males and in a way that suggested the female ought to follow the footsteps of males. The women are first under the authority of their father, then their husbands after marriage, and after the death of her husband, the authority shifts to the husbands brother. Such a form of subordination of women was further impressed by the fact that women bore no signs of being members of the covenant family, as their male counterparts would have through male circ umcisions. Even though the Genesis also mentions that both men and women were created in the image of God, but since it also tells about God creating Adam first in his own image, puts males in a superior image than the females, in this context (Zevit 33). The book of Genesis further befouls the feminine image by saying that it was the women who brought disobedience in the world (Wold 330). There are many other accounts where women have been objectified and considered as a commodity. In Sam 20:30, Saul curses Jonathan as a son of perverse rebellious woman. This statement underlined the ideology that a foolish son is a dishonor for the mother, and not the father (Mechon-mamre.org). Another example where women have been objectified can be found in the story of Lot, who gave his two daughters to two complete strangers, in order to persuade them not to engage in any homosexual act with the people outside (Simons 210). Such negative views of women in the Old Testament consequently justifi ed and even warranted the routine subjugation of women. And the subjugation later spiraled into atrocities, as the societies built on the beliefs of the Old Testament, became patriarchal. Christianity adopted these beliefs from the Old Testament, and has established many of these beliefs as social constructs (Bishop). One significant social construct that still exist any several countries that has its root in the Old Testament, is the identification of the woman, first as a part of her fathers family, and then as a part of her husbands family after her marriage, which is symbolized by the change in the family name of the wife (Modise). During the medieval period, the status of women however started changing with the stories of extraordinary women achieving extraordinary fame and support, and consequently acquiring important positions. However, for the majority, the roles of women were still restricted to the predefines roles, and the women still suffered continued misery of domestic violence, subjugation and abuse. It can be understood how such atrocities could have influence from the scriptures (Modise; Ruether 90). Homosexuality, Early Christianity and the Medieval Age The Old Testament repeatedly warns all followers against homosexuality. Leviticus 18,20 prohibits homosexual acts as an abomination(Willmington). The book further suggests that those who commit such abomination should be put to death, and the responsibility will solely be on them. This has been one of the most significant code of conduct that has been used to implement prohibitions against homosexuality. The story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the book of Genesis clearly explains that homosexuality is a sin, the punishment for which is the wrath of God and complete annihilation. In fact, the story and its influence go so deep, that the word sodomy itself evolved from the word Sodom. Even in the New Testament, homosexuality is not spared, and it continued the process of criminalization of homosexuality. Book of Romans 1:26 considers it an act which is against the nature as well as a deviation from the natural use of women. This clearly implies both a homophobic as well as misogynistic. In the Cornithians 6:9, it is mentioned that unrighteous shall not inherit the gods holy kingdom. In this context, the unrighteous were those committing adultery, fornication, or homosexual acts, as well as drunkards, effeminates, or extortionist. This clearly indicts homosexuality as a sin so grave that one gets deprived of peace after death. It can be understandable why such a grave warning was taken very seriously by many. Even the teachings of Jesus Christ assumed the institute of marriage to be applicable only for a relation between a man and a woman, and do not say anything about marriage of homosexual couples. For a character, who preached against many of the teachings of the Old Testament, not opposing the homophobic ideologies was a major sign that the New Testament also endorsed the same anti homosexual beliefs as its older version (Jackson 87; Barton). In the Medieval period, the persecution of homosexuals reached its peak, and its codes were directly influenced by the scriptures of the old and new testaments, directly condemning homosexuality (Boswell). Homosexuality became a sin as grave as Satanism, during the early 14th century. During this time several people were criminalized and prosecuted for homosexual activities. Commonly given punishment were long acts of penance for first time offenders, and for repeated offenders the punishments became increasing harsher, like castration and even death on the third offence (McNeil). This clearly showed how the religious beliefs were used to justify the prosecution of homosexuals in that period. Gender, Islam and the status of women in the Middle East: In Islam, the ideologies of the Old Testament can be reflected in many of its teachings. The Quran also preaches of the one God, and his messenger. In all the accounts, the messenger is shown as a man (Moses, Christ, Mohammad). This helped to solidify the social position of the males, above that of the females (Fatemi 95). The Quran upholds the superiority of men, deeming women to be inferior, and considering women as a mans belonging. This clearly showed how the systematic objectification of the female gender was implicated by these Judaic religions. The scriptures further states that apart from the fact that a woman can be a mans property or bounty, a man can also be the owner of many properties. This clearly puts in place a male dominated structure, with a single male at the centre. The qualities of a righteous woman, in the Quran have been that of a docile, obedient and quiet individual, who would seldom complain even in the face of adversities. On the other hand, the scriptures prescribe punishment for women who would have a rebellious nature (Shaikh). The importance of women in the Quran is also further depreciated by the fact that in financial and legal matters, the woman only has only half the rights as that of a man. It clearly demonstrates, that gender equality was not a concern in the Quran, and it fostered the male centric view of the society (Fatemi). The tradition of women being identified by their male family members continued unabated through the ages, supported by the early Judaic scriptures and also in Quran. Many other accounts can be found all over the scriptures that objectify and demote the position of women in our society. The consideration that a woman can earn the grace of the God by being obedient of the husband, clearly puts women in a subordinate position, and prevents the possibility of true equality of rights (Ahmad et al). Moreover, stories like that of the 72 virgins in heaven for the martyrs of god clearly showed how women were considered as sexual objects, whose primary purpose was procreation of their children. If such an oppressive view was not enough, the view of women were further marred by the consideration that women are a distraction for men from performing their duties, and they can bring about the downfall of a community. This places a deep seated sense of mistrust towards the female gender, and a biased view regarding their role in the society. The scriptures forbid women to be given any authority in the society, apart from their roles as mothers and wives and serve as merely extensions of men. The concept of Hijab (or the religious dress code in Islam for women, which covers them head to toe), can be attributed to such ideologies. The importance of the overalls is so important in Islam, that a woman without a veil is considered nothing more than being naked, and therefore is directly against the teachings of Islam. In the Middle East, the position of women is still being subjugated by male domi nation. In Saudi Arabia, women are still not permitted to drive and cannot travel alone without a male companion (even be it a male toddler). Strong moral policing still exists that actively dissuades its citizens not to forget their traditional hijab when in public places. These inequalities against women have been systematically justified thought history by the citing the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the scriptures of the Quran (Rita 340; Hodge 243). The status of Homosexuality saw no improvement in the Quran, than it did in the Old Testament. Islam incorporates many of the stories from the Old Testament, including the story of the Sodomy and Gomorrah, acting as a warning against the act of homosexuality, stating that such act shall be punished by the God. The scriptures further prescribe death by stoning for the homosexuals and adulterers. The scripture makes it clear those homosexuals, apostates, adulterers all are sinners in equal capacities, and are condemned to eternal suffering in the hereafter, even after being punished with brutal death (Dejong 339). Death penalty for homosexuality still exists for many Islamic countries around the world. In Uganda, Iran and UAE, and homophobic sentiments are further made strong by the Islamic Fundamentalist ideologies. Extremist groups like the ISIS directly quotes teachings from the Quran, which criminalizes homosexuality, and uses that to condemn anyone suspected of being homosexual to death. This systematic oppression of homosexuals is not uncommon in most of the Islamic countries around the world, evidently showing a pattern of intolerance propagated through the religious beliefs against this community (Hamdi et al. 688; Zuhur et al 29; Alipour 1930). References: Ahmad, Naveed, Hurmat Sumaiya Binti Bashir, and Yousfi Karima. "Status of Women in Islam: A Perspective." (2015). Alipour, M. "Essentialism and Islamic Theology of Homosexuality: A Critical Reflection on an Essentialist Epistemology toward Same-Sex Desires and Acts in Islam."Journal of homosexuality64.14 (2017): 1930-1942. Barton, John. "The Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament."The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Companion(2016): 1. Bishop, Heather. "Bone of My Bones and Flesh of My Flesh: A Feminist Analysis of Christianity, Evolutionary Theory, and the Provenance of Patriarchy."Dialogue Nexus3.1 (2016): 4. Boswell, John.Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century. University of Chicago Press, 2015. DeJong, Christina, and Eric Long. "The death penalty as genocide: The persecution of homosexuals in Uganda."Handbook of LGBT communities, crime, and justice. Springer, New York, NY, 2014. 339-362. Fatemi, Sayyed Mohsen. "Women in the Holy Quran."Feminism and Religion: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights(2016): 95. Fatemi, Sayyed Mohsen. "Women in the Holy Quran."Feminism and Religion: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights(2016): 95. Hamdi, Nassim, Monia Lachheb, and Eric Anderson. "Masculinity, homosexuality and sport in an Islamic state of increasing homohysteria."Journal of Gender Studies26.6 (2017): 688-701. Hawkins, Ralph K. "Book Review: What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden?." (2016): 206-208. Keil, Carl Friedrich, and Franz Delitzsch.Commentary on the Old Testament. Titus Books, 2014. McNeill, John J.The church and the homosexual. Beacon Press, 2015. Mechon-mamre.org. "1 Samuel 20 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre".Mechon-Mamre.Org, 2018, https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a20.htm. Accessed 4 Apr 2018. Modise, Leepo, and Hannelie Wood. "The relevance of the metaphor of God as Father in a democratic, non-sexist and religious society: An African Christian perspective."Stellenbosch Theological Journal2.1 (2016): 285-304. References: Rita, Afroza Akter. "Assertion of Wearing Hijab in the Community: an Analysis."American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS)29.1 (2017): 340-347. Ruether, Rosemary Radford. "Sexism and misogyny in the Christian tradition: Liberating alternatives."Buddhist-Christian Studies34.1 (2014): 83-94. Shaikh, Abdul Ghani. "WOMANS SOCIAL RIGHTS IN ISLAM: AN EVALUATION OF EQUALITY OF RIGHTS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN."Grassroots49.1 (2015). Simons, Patricia. "Desire After Disaster: Lot and His Daughters."Disaster, Death and the Emotions in the Shadow of the Apocalypse, 14001700. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. 201-223. Willmington, Harold. "Leviticus at a Glance." (2017). Winer, Rebecca Lynn.Women, Wealth, and Community in Perpignan, c. 12501300: Christians, Jews, and Enslaved Muslims in a Medieval Mediterranean Town. Routledge, 2017. Wold, Benjamin. "Genesis 23 in Early Christian Tradition and 4QInstruction."Dead Sea Discoveries23.3 (2016): 329-346. Zevit, Ziony. "Was Eve Made from Adams Ribor His Baculum?."Biblical Archaeology Review41.5 (2015): 33-35. Zuhur, Sherifa. "Criminal law, women and sexuality in the Middle East."Deconstructing sexuality in the Middle East. Routledge, 2016. 29-52.

The Road Not Taken Essays - Free Will, Philosophy, Metaphysics

The Road Not Taken Who Needs Directions? In his poem The Road Not Taken Frost's theme is about how the choices one makes affect life. When we come to a fork in the road, a decision needs to be made. Both paths are different and choosing the right one ? if there is a right one ? will depend on where we have been. Each choice that we make plays out differently in our lives. We can look back and wonder what would have happened if we choose differently. But that is outweighed in what we would have missed. Each choice affects who we are, where we are going, and moreover our lives. The persona had two roads to chose from and wonders what would have happened had he taken the other road. Frost's title reflects this. The first three lines, Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, / And sorry I could not travel both /And be one traveler, long I stood, tell us the speaker must choose between two roads he finds equally appealing. It is apparent the narrator has a difficult choice to make and is carefully considering his options. In the first stanza, the emphasis is on the road that was not traveled. The persona wants to travel both roads, but he cannot ?and be one traveler.? There is a strong sense of wonder before the choice is made because he knows that in one lifetime he cannot travel down every road. And that at this point in time one of the roads must be chosen. After the choice of roads is described and considered, Frost writes Oh, I kept the first for another day! /Yet knowing how way leads on to way, /I doubted if I should ever come back. This is where the narrator makes his choice. Here, he knows he is bound by that choice. He wants to hold on to the other possibility, but knows this cannot be. His choice becomes the road taken. The choice he did not make, becomes The Road Not Taken. He takes the other road that is ?grassy and wanted wear.? The road he chooses has a ?better claim,? because it is the road that is less traveled on. By taking this road, a clue to his personality is revealed. He is the type of person that wants to try something new and different. He makes the choice based on who he is and what choices he has made in the past. Knowing that this choice will again change his life and bring him new experiences. In the third stanza, the image of the leaves that cover the ground have not been stepped on and ?no step had trodden black,? indicates that no one has walked down the road since the leaves have fallen, therefore describing a road not traveled. That path does not fit who he is at this juncture in life. ?I kept the first for another day,? relates to his desire to travel down both paths. ?knowing how way leads on to way,? means that he is aware that all future life choices will be affected because of the road he chooses to travel. In this stanza he realizes that once his decision is made there is no turning back. With the sigh that he makes, it might seem that he is unhappy with his decision, he is not. ?I took the road less traveled by, and that has made all the difference,? means that he does not regret choosing the less traveled road because if he had not, he would not have had the life experiences that he did. The choice that he has made allows him the freedom and the ability to see that it was a good choice at that instance in time. This poem is about choices: because of our inability to take two paths at once. But more than that, it is about the choices one makes at a certain point in their life. The experiences that they have gained from pervious choices brings them to this choice, as this will lead to many other choices. The Road Not taken gives us insight to and reflects this theme. It is a reminder that one

This is the html version of the file Essay Example For Students

This is the html version of the file Essay http://www.dti.gov.ph/contentment/66/69/files/starting.doc. G o o g l e automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawlthe web. To link to or bookmark this page, use the following url:http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:amwmgYrFhpsJ:www.dti.gov.ph/contentment/66/69/files/starting.doc+start+and+operating+small+business+filetype:dochl=enlr=lang_enie=UTF-8Google is not affiliated with the authors of this page nor responsible forits content. We will write a custom essay on This is the html version of the file specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These search terms have been highlighted:startoperatingsmallbusiness| |pic StartingaSmall EnterpriseStarting a Small EnterpriseTABLE OF CONTENTS| |Page||Introduction |||Why Be an Entrepreneur?|3|| |3||Rewards of Entrepreneurship|4||. |||Risks of Entrepreneurship ||| |||Process Flow: Starting a Small Enterprise|5||..||| |||Analysis|||Are You Entrepreneurial?|6||. |7||Additional Factors to Consider|||..|||Decision-Making/Planning |||Determining Your Product Line|8||.|8||Types of Business According to Ownership|9|||||Writing a Business Plan|||..|||..|||Financing|||Determining Your Financial Requirements|12 ||..|12 ||Seeking Sources of Capital |14 ||.|||Rules for Sound Financing |||..|||Setting Up|||Choosing the Site/Location of Your Business |15 || |15 ||Registering Your Business |22 ||..|||Hiring/Training Personnel |||. |||Getting Your Business Started|24 || |||References|25 ||..|||. ||IntroductionWhy Be an Entrepreneur?Entrepreneurship is a way of life.Being entrepreneurial means bein g ableto identify, start, and maintain a viable and profitable business,particularly a small enterprise. People spend most of their lives working for someone else.Some peopleeventually rise to positions of wealth and power, while the rest languishin unchallenging and low-paying jobs.On the other hand, there are aselect few who strike it out on their own; rather than work for others,they put up their own enterprise. You may ask: Why should I risk my resources in an unpredictable businesswhen I could hold a stable job with a permanent tenure and an assurance ofa regular monthly income, without any risk?In other words, why be anentrepreneur rather than an employee?Entrepreneurship has its own rewards, as well as its risks.Having yourown business has tremendous rewards, but be sure to weigh prospectivereturns against the potential risks and losses. ||Rewards of Entrepreneurship.Have Unlimited Opportunity to Make Money When you have your ownbusiness, you will most certainly have unlimited potential to earn money. How much money you earn depends on the time and effort you put into yourenterprise. Successful entrepreneurs have earned their wealth and prestigethrough hard work and by having the right product for the right market atthe right time. .Be Your Own Boss As sole proprietor of your business, you make thedecisions for your enterprise and take full responsibility for them.Thequality of these decisions will translate into either gain or loss for yourbusiness. Being your own boss means you are in control of your future. You have a better grasp of what you want to be. . Tap Your Creativity A business usually starts out as an idea.Youwill have the opportunity to harness this creativity and turn your ideainto products and processes. . Overcome Challenges and Feel Fulfilled Starting a business is by itselfan accomplishment.Running a business tests an entrepreneurs capabilityin securing and managing resources.How well a business turns out dependson the owners ability to face challenges and overcome them. ||Risks of Entrepreneurship.Risk of Failure Small businesses are prone to risks and thepossibility of failure a single wrong business decision can bring abusiness to bankruptcy. . Unpredictable Business Conditions A small business is vulnerable tosudden changes in the business environment.In a fast-paced industry, asmall firm may not possess the financial capability nor the organizationalcapacity to respond adequately to new opportunities and their concomitantproblems. .Long Hours of Work A prospective entrepreneur must be ready to spendmost if not all his waking hours immersed in the business.Also, familytime and personal affairs may be jeopardized. . Unwanted or Unexpected Responsibilities The entrepreneur may eventuallyfind himself saddled with management responsibilities he did not bargainfor. |Process Flow: Starting A Small Enterprise|Self-Analysis: Are You Entrepreneurial?Considering Other Factors Determining Your Product/ Service Line and Type of Business Writing a Business PlanDetermining Your Financial RequirementsSeeking Sources of CapitalChoosing the Site/Location of Your BusinessRegistering Your BusinessHiring/Training PersonnelGetting Your Business Started AnalysisAre You Entrepreneurial?A successful entrepreneur possesses key characteristics that help hisbusiness grow and thrive.Extensive research by the Small EnterpriseResearch and Development Foundation reveals 10 Personal EntrepreneurialCharacteristics (PECs) that lead to success. These are grouped into whatare called the Achievement Cluster, the Planning Cluster, and the PowerCluster. Take a look at what they are and try to identify yourentrepreneurial strengths and weaknesses. Achievement Cluster 1. Opportunity-seeking. Perceives and acts on new business opportunities. Seizes unusual opportunities to obtain financing, equipment, land,work, space, or assistance 2. Persistence. Takes repeated or different actions to overcome obstacles. Makes sacrifices or expends extraordinary effort to complete atask. Sticks to own judgement in the face of opposition ordisappointments 3. Commitment. Accepts full responsibility for problems encountered. Helps own employees to get the job done. Seeks to satisfy the customer 4. Risk-Taking. Takes moderate risks. Prefers situations involving moderate risks 5. Values Efficiency and Quality. Always strives to raise standards and aims for excellence. Strives to do things better, faster, and at lower costPlanning Cluster 6. Goal-Setting. Sets clear and specific short-term objectives. Sets clear and long-term goals 7. Information-Seeking. Personally seeks information on clients, suppliers, andcompetitors. Seeks experts to render bus iness or technical advice. Uses contacts or information networks to obtain information 8. Systematic Planning and Monitoring. Develops logical, step-by-step plans to reach goals. Looks into alternatives. Monitors progress and switches to alternative strategies whennecessary to achieve goals 9. Persuasion and Networking. Uses deliberate strategies to influence or persuade others. Uses business and personal contacts to accomplish objectives10. Self-Confidence. Believes in self. Expresses confidence in own ability to complete a difficult task orto meet a challengeAdditional Factors to ConsiderYou were able to pinpoint the entrepreneurial characteristics you possessas well as those areas you need to improve on to be able to run yourbusiness smoothly. Tapping your entrepreneurial skills are well and good,but you also have other factors to consider: 1. Personal Interest you must be genuinely interested in getting intobusiness 2. Knowledge/Talents your skills and knowledge should be attu ned toyour chosen line of business 3. Training/Work Experience you must have at least background trainingor workexperience to help you run a business4. Government Support/Assistance Programs find out the possibleassistance andsupport you can get from the government such asincentives, financing5.Rate of Growth of Business consider market trends, businessgrowth, and market share 6. Other Considerations also consider the return in terms of income,employment generation, services, and the likeDecision-Making / PlanningDetermining Your Product/Service LineYou can now focus on what specific type of product or service you want tosell. Some of the factors given for consideration will help you come upwith a great idea for a product what specific field are you interestedin? Can you apply your skills or background work experience to thisfield? Provided below are the different types of product/service lines:Self-Analysis: Are You Entrepreneurial?Considering Other Factors Determining Your Pr oduct/ Service Line and Type of Business Writing a Business PlanDetermining Your Financial RequirementsSeeking Sources of CapitalChoosing the Site/Location of Your BusinessRegistering Your BusinessHiring/Training PersonnelGetting Your Business Started AnalysisAre You Entrepreneurial?A successful entrepreneur possesses key characteristics that help hisbusiness grow and thrive.Extensive research by the Small EnterpriseResearch and Development Foundation reveals 10 Personal EntrepreneurialCharacteristics (PECs) that lead to success. These are grouped into whatare called the Achievement Cluster, the Planning Cluster, and the PowerCluster. Take a look at what they are and try to identify yourentrepreneurial strengths and weaknesses. Achievement ClusterOpportunity-seeking. Perceives and acts on new business opportunities. Seizes unusual opportunities to obtain financing, equipment, land,work, space, or assistancePersistence. Takes repeated or different actions to overcome obstacles. Makes sacrifices or expends extraordinary effort to complete atask. Sticks to own judgement in the face of opposition ordisappointmentsCommitment. Accepts full responsibility for problems encountered. Helps own employees to get the job done. Seeks to satisfy the customerRisk-Taking. Takes moderate risks. Prefers situations involving moderate risksValues Efficiency and Quality. Always strives to raise standards and aims for excellence. Strives to do things better, faster, and at lower costPlanning ClusterGoal-Setting. Sets clear and specific short-term objectives. Sets clear and long-term goalsInformation-Seeking. Personally seeks information on clients, suppliers, andcompetitors. Seeks experts to render business or technical advice. U ses contacts or information networks to obtain informationSystematic Planning and Monitoring. Develops logical, step-by-step plans to reach goals. Looks into alternatives. Monitors progress and switches to alternative strategies whennecessary to achieve goalsPersuasion and Networking. Uses deliberate strategies to influence or persuade others. Uses business and personal contacts to accomplish objectivesSelf-Confidence. Believes in self. Expresses confidence in own ability to complete a difficult task orto meet a challengeAdditional Factors to ConsiderYou were able to pinpoint the entrepreneurial characteristics you possessas well as those areas you need to improve on to be able to run yourbusiness smoothly. Tapping your entrepreneurial skills are well and good,but you also have other factors to consider:Personal Interest you must be genuinely interested in getting intobusinessKnowledge/Talents your skills and knowledge should be attuned toyour chosen line of businessTraining/Work Experience you must have at least background trainingor workexperience to help you run a business4. Government Support/Assistance Programs find out the possibleassistance andsupport you can get from the government such asincentives, financing5.Rate of Growth of Business consider market trends, businessgrowth, and market shareOther Considerations also consider the return in terms of income,employment generation, services, and the likeDecision-Making / PlanningDetermining Your Product/Service LineYou can now focus on what specific type of product or service you want tosell. Some of the factors given for consideration will help you come upwith a great idea for a product what specific field are you interestedin? Can you apply your skills or background work experience to thisfield? Provided below are the different types of product/service lines:Product Industries You may choose to manufacture your own product,either forthe mass market or for specialized or individual demands. Canne dgoods, wooden or plastic toys, and ready-to-wear garments are examplesof goods produced for the mass market, while precision instruments forindustrial use of made-to-order furniture are examples of specializedproducts. Process Industries You may decide to perform only one or twooperations in the total manufacturing process.If so, you are not,strictly speaking, a manufacturer but rather a processenterprise.The activities you perform can be initial operations onraw materials (milling, corrugating, sawing, or cutting), finaloperations (fishing, assembly, packing, or binding), or skilled orprecision operations (embroidery, testing, woodcarving). Subcontracting Industries If you choose to be a subcontractor, youwill undertake subcontracting work for other industries, usuallybigger ones.Bigger industries sometimes subcontract the manufactureof components, supplies, or other specialized operations to smallershops because the quality required is not viable for their high-capacity operations.Many big companies also find subcontracting amore low-cost and faster way of manufacturing products.Also, youare assured of a market for your products.You can also avail oftechnical and financial assistance from thebig companies.One drawback of subcontracting, though, is that yourely on only one firm or two for your survival. Service Industries You could choose to sell services.Serviceenterprises include repair and maintenance shops, printing and machineshops, and food catering establishments.Beauty parlors, dress andtailoring shops, recreation establishments (bowling alleys andbilliard halls), and entertainment enterprises (theaters, discos, andpub houses) are also considered service businesses. Although falling under the broad classification of a serviceenterprise, you may consider the trading business a fifth option. The most common type of trading enterprise is retailing. Types of Business According to OwnershipWould you want to run the business on your own, with a partner, or withmore people? Weigh the odds:|Forms of |Advantages|Disadvantages||Business | |||Single|Easy to set up|Demanding on owners ||Proprietorship |Decision-making|personal time||(one party)|left entirely|Growth limited by|||to owner|owners||| |financial means ||Partnership|- Relatively easy |-Any personal rifts||(at least two |to set up|||parties) |- Check and |between|||balance|partners may|||maintained with |dissolve|||two|partnership|||parties around |Equal profit sharing ||| |despite unequal ||| |attention and time||| |given by partners to ||| |business. ||Corporation|Maximum flexibility|Complicated setting-up||(at least five |for growth|process||parties) |Limited liability |Individual|||of individual|stockholders may have |||shareholders |limited influence on |||Greater room for|management|||professionalism in |Tendency to|||management|institutionalize a|||Is least likely to |b ureaucracy|||dissolve||Writing a Business PlanAfter you have made the preliminary decisions, you can proceed to formulatea business plan. There is no such thing as an all-purpose business plan. You should write your business plan according to the unique factors andconditions of your enterprise.However, you will find it useful to writeand use a business plan along the broad guidelines suggested below:1. State Your Objectives. This section comes first in a business plan. You tell your reader who you are, what your business goals are, and whenyou expect these goals to be accomplished.If you are submitting yourplan to a bank, you may indicate how much you want to borrow and what youplan to do with the funds. ||| Example of Stating Your Objectives: ||Pretty in Pink is an enterprise involved in the ||manufacturing and retailing of ready-to-wear ladies||dresses.Its goals are: ||To start manufacturing and retailing by January 2000||To achieve profitability by January 2001||To seek adequate financing for the first 18 months of||operation|2. Describe the Business. This section gives background information onyour business and how it is currently doing:For a new business. Instead of a brief history, explain what the businesswill be, how the idea for your business was conceived, and how the businessis expected to develop. For an existing business. Provide the following information: business name,date and place of registration, when actual operations began, a briefhistory of your business, and names of owners, partners, or major investors3. Describe Your Products or Services. Give a detailed description of yourproducts or services so the reader gets a clear idea of what you areselling.Also give any applications or uses of your products that may notbe apparent. .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e , .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .postImageUrl , .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e , .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:hover , .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:visited , .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:active { border:0!important; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:active , .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f1b158c5d5503b03b53518371f31d7e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Short plot summary of giver EssayIn this portion of your plan, you should also note the competitiveadvantages your product has over other similar products, as well asidentify the products you will be competing with.You should be able tostate your products advantages and disadvantages. 4. Identify Your Potential Market Determine who are your present orprojected customers and how many.Be as specific as possible.Are youselling to bookstores? A grocery store? A small ladies boutique? If youare selling to the general public, you may need to group potentialcustomers according to age, gender, income, education, and otherdemographic factors. You then ask yourself how you can make use of theinformation.If, for example, you know that your potential customers willlikely be children between three to ten, what does this tell you about yourlocation? Your advertising? Your prices?5. Identify Your Competitors Rather than pose as threats to you, yourcompetition should drive you to do your best.Learn as much as you canabout them.Include the following information in your plan:Description of competitors Identify businesses likely to become yourcompetitors. Name them. Size of Competitors Determine your competitors assets and salesvolume. Profitability of Competitors Which of your competitors are makingmoney? Which are losing, and by how much?Operating Methods Determine the operating methods of each of yourmajor competitors in terms of pricing strategy; quality of productsand services; servicing, warranties, and packaging; methods of sellingand distribution channels; credit terms; location; advertising andpromotion; reputation; and inventory levels.Discuss only the itemsrelevant to your business. 6. Consider Your Pricing Policy In pricing your goods and services, allrelevant factors should be considered, like cost of production anddistribution as well as the degree of acceptance by the market.Anotherfactor to consider is the pricing structure of your competitors.Ofcourse, the aim of your pricing policy should be to set the price at alevel that maximizes profit in the long run. Determine Your Marketing Methods Having a good product at areasonable priceis not enough. Your business plan must answer the following questions:How will you promote or advertise your business?How will you sell your product? Will you employ salespeople?What channels of distribution will you use to reach your customers?What do your customers think of your product? How can you improveyour image as an enterprise?Determine Your Key Personnel Identify the key people in yourbusiness, includingyou as the owner and manager.If your business is a corporation, list thenames and addresses of all directors.If your business is a partnership,list the names and addresses of all the partners. Identify Your Material Requirements and Sources of Supply List downwhatmaterials you will need and where you will get them.Include only directmaterials; office supplies and other indirect materials should not beincluded in the list. You should prepare a table for the materials. For each of them, state howmany suppliers there are, who your main supplier is, and why. Your readerswill see that you have carefully thought out who your best supplier willbe. Determine the Process and Equipment You Will Use to Manufacture YourProduct Give a detailed explanation of your production process.Foreach step, explain the work done, as well as the equipment and materialsused.If you are presenting a complex process, include a diagram showingyour work-flow.Assign positions for the jobs that need to be done andestimate how many people you need to employ for each position.Set salaryrates, too. Prepare a Sales Forecast Include a sales forecast that covers atleast two years ofoperation.For the first year, present your sales on a monthly basis. Present the forecast of the succeeding years on a yearly basis, andexplain how you arrived at the figures and at the assumptions on which theyare based. Prepare a Budget In manufacturing, production costs of materials,labor, service,manufacturing overhead, and other components should be budgeted.Aservice business should budget operational costs.Sales costs shouldinclude selling and distribution, storage, discounts, advertising, andpromotion.General and administrative expenses include salaries, as wellas legal and accounting costs.Projections should be prepared every monthduring the first year of operation and every quarter for the second andthird years. Set Your Plan to Work You are ready to set your plan to work.Itis time to raisefunds, obtain a license, purchase facilities and supplies, hire and trainpeople, and start operating. Remember that if you are to succeed, you mustbe prepared to work long hours and must be totally committed to yourbusiness. FinancingDetermining Your Financial RequirementsYou must now determine your financial needs and raise funds to meet theseneeds.You can begin a sari-sari store from your own personal savings. A garment factory, on the other hand, will require more elaboratearrangements for fund sourcing. Generally speaking, the financial requirements of a business may beclassified into Fixed Capital, Working Capital, and Pre-operating Capital. . Fixed Capital includes cost of land and building, or lease deposits ofthem; cost ofimproving the land or remodeling the building; machinery andequipment; furniture, furnishings, and fixtures. These are usually one-time expenses, meaning they are generally good for the duration ofyour business. . Working Capital is the reserve money you need to run the businessuntil it becomes self-supporting. This may take about one to sixmonths or even longer. You need working capital to purchase your rawmaterials, pay your workers, pay for transportation, telephone,electricity, and water bills. . Pre-Operating Capital includes money that you spend to register yourbusiness,acquire licenses for franchises, or pay a lawyer or a consultant. Inother words,this is money you spend before your business begins to operate. It is advisable to prepare a forecast that outlines all these capitalrequirements. Be sure that no significant item has been overlooked. Berealistic and do not underestimate your requirements. Provide forcontingencies and a margin of safety in estimating your capitalrequirements to avoid cost overruns later. Your capital should be enough tocover unexpected expenses. Observe the equipment and manpower requirementsof other business establishments. If in doubt, ask a knowledgeable friend,an accountant or consultant to see if your estimates are realistic or not. For simple business activities like small-scale trading or home-basedindustries, simple estimates or financial requirements, income and profitwould be sufficient. However, larger, more complex undertakings require amore in-depth study; this is called the project feasibility study.Banksusually require this for long-term loans. Seeking Sources of CapitalThe small businessman usually meets his initial requirements by dippinginto his own savings or investing his other assets. Loans from relativesand friends sometimes supplement his initial capital. Some of these loansare extended interest-free. External sources of funds are available if you know where to look. Organizations such as banks, venture capital corporations, and savings andloan associations make lending money their business. In addition, somegovernment institutions provide credit to small start-up enterprises atsubsidized interest rates and liberal terms. If you are looking for capital, you may first consider looking into yourown resources and the loan offerings of possible creditors:. Equity Capital is the amount of personal resources you andpossibly your partner put in, plus the portion of the profits youplow back into the business. It also includes resources invested by other people into your company. Equity is a permanent part of your capital structure. As such, it doesnot have to be paid back. Nevertheless, as your company grows, youwill need to put in more equity or permanent capital. The small businessman may exhaust his own personal resources to getmore equity funds for the business. Personal life insurance policiesor other properties of value may be used in times of urgency. Friends,relatives, or other members of the community may also be persuaded toinvest in the business. . Creditors Equity. If you require financing from outside sources, youcan avail of theloan packages of financial institutions. These are:. Short-term loans. These loans are short-term financial obligations,usually lasting less than a year and normally self-liquidating. Theyare used to buy things that will generate funds for repayment of theloan. Some short-term loans (clean loans) are issued on an unsecuredbasis, which means they are made without collateral, since the bankrelies on your credit reputation. . Individual money lenders. Friends or relatives extend loans in the spiritofpakikisama or camaraderie. There are also unlicensed money lenders butbeware ofthose who charge usurious rates of interest, like the so-called five-six operators. . Non Government Organizations (NGOs). NGOs are fast becoming popularsourcesof credit. Through enterprise development projects implemented by privateand government finance institutions, these NGOs act as intermediary agentsin various lending programs. Lending packages are available depending onthe specific target beneficiaries of the individual programs. Theirinterest rates are usually lower than what banks offer. A review of yourfeasibility study and a credit investigation are customarily conducted. Most programs offer character loans and require minimum equityparticipation with little or no collateral. The organization closelymonitors and evaluates each business project. Beneficiaries of these PVOsare commonly micro and small entrepreneurs. . Special Lending Programs. Public and private agencies are confident ofthe strengthof small entrepreneurs, and have thus created programs that woulduplift their status. |Rules for Sound Financing||. A small businessman should know exactly what type of||capital he needs and how he can obtain it at the best||possible terms.If he borrows the capital, he must know ||exactly how to repay it.An entrepreneur must also know ||when to require financial expansion.||. The ideal debt-equity ratio of ones capital structure||must be 40:60. This means that the debt or borrowed portion||of the total capital should be contributed by the owners ||equity.||A 40:60 ratio is considered ideal because it will allow the||firm to acquire more credit in the future when it is ready ||to expand. Most banks and other financial institutions lend||money only if the resulting debt-equity is 60:40 when the ||new (borrowed) money is infused into the business.||Therefore, it makes sense to limit borrowing. Otherwise,||one may be saddled with a heavy repayment burden.||. Fixed assets and working capital requirements during||normal operations must be financed from long-term sources ||( one year or longer). These sources are the owners equity ||and long-term loans or long-term liabilities. ||. Short-term requirements, like additional working capital ||needed during peak seasons (Christmas, rainy season,||school opening, etc.) should come from short-term sources, ||such as: trade credit (30 90 days); short-term bank loans||(from two to three months); pawnshops (three months); and ||friends and relatives. | Setting UpChoosing the Site/Location of Your BusinessFinding a site for your business is crucial. In the retail business, yoursales potential depends on your location. Like a tree, a store draws itsnourishment from the area around it. A storeowner is already half-successful if he sets up shop in a good place. You must also be able to recognize factors in some sites that aredetrimental to your business. Among these are: smoke, dust, disagreeableodors and noises, proximity to garages, hospitals, drinking places andsimilar establishments, poor sidewalks, and old, run-down buildings. |||Some guidelines to help you find a good location:||Know the population of the trading area. Is the||neighborhood starting to be run down? Is the population||moving away? Or is it new and on the way up? Determine the ||purchasing power of the population. Do they own cars? Big, ||affluent homes? ||||Study the competition How many stores look prosperous in ||the area? How many look as though they are barely getting ||by? How many similar stores went out of business in this||area last year? How many new stores opened last year? What ||price line does competition carry? Pinpoint which stores ||will be your greatest competitors. If you intend to put up||a variety store, you may find it profitable to locate your ||store adjacent to that of your competitors because the||combined appeal of two or more similar stores creates||greater customer traffic.||||Study the locations accessibility See if the location is||accessible to your customers, employees and of course, to ||you. Ask yourself the following questions: How close is the||store to jeepney and bus, and other transport facilities? ||Are there adequate parking spaces near the store? Are the ||sidewalks in good repair? Is the street lighting good?|Registering Your BusinessA new small enterprise has to be registered in various governmentagencies. The complexity of registration varies according to the legalform of the business. A single proprietorship is the easiest to register,while a corporation requires more elaborate procedures. Registering with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)The DTI-NCR administers the registration of business names. If you are a single proprietor and your business is using a name other thanyour own name, that business name should be registered. Business nameregistration with the DTI is optional for partnerships and corporations. By registering your business name with the DTI, you are assured that noother entity may legally use your business name anywhere in thePhilippines. Register your Business Name at:Department of Trade and Industry NCRGround floor, DTI Main Building361 Sen. Gil Puyat Ave., Makati Cityor at designated Satellite Registration Centers in selected cities in MetroManilaTel. No. 890-4854Steps:Obtain application forms (duplicate copy), preferred name slip, andindex card from the Information Desk and fill these up completely. Only the owner of the business is authorized to sign all the forms. Meet the following requirements (For Single Proprietorship):. Must be a Filipino citizen, at least 18 years old. Filipinos withnamessuggestive of alien nationality must submit proof of citizenship such asbirth certificate, PRC ID, voters ID, passport. If the applicant hasacquiredFilipino citizenship by naturalization, election, or by other meansprovided by law, he must submit proof of his Filipino citizenship such asI) naturalization certificate and oath of allegiance; or II) card issued bythe Bureau of Immigration and Deportation and affidavit of election or IDcard issued by the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation. .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 , .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .postImageUrl , .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 , .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:hover , .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:visited , .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:active { border:0!important; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:active , .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627 .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7f7567de2fa5c002e8543dbef529627:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reaction Paper of the Movie Agora Essay. Must provide two recent passport-size picturesCertain types of business may have other requirements:. Service and repair shops. Real estate brokers. Dental/medical clinic/hospitals. Pawnshops. Manpower services. Engineering services. Architectural services.Other related services provided by professionals3.Proceed to the designated window for evaluationPay required fees at the cashier. Registration and Processing FeeSingle P300Corporation/Partnership/Cooperative P500A penalty of P100 is imposed if the BNRS certificate is not renewedbefore within the 3-month grace period from the certificatesexpiration dateGet priority numberProceed to the waiting area and wait for your number to be called bythe examiners at Windows 1-10Business Name Certificate is released within 10-15 minutes uponapprovalRegistering with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)The SEC is the government agency that gives the business enterprise itslegal personality. Only partnerships and corporations need to be registered with the SEC. Single proprietorships need not register. Register your business at:Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC Bldg., EDSA, Greenhills, Mandaluyong CityTel. No. 726-0931Basic Requirements of a PartnershipName Verification SlipArticles of Partnership3.Undertaking to Change Name4.Registration Data SheetIf it is a Limited Partnership, the word Limited is added to thename. Articles of limited partnership should always be under oath only(JURAT) and not acknowledged by the partners before a notary publicPartnerships need clearance from concerned government agenciesAdditional Requirements for a Partnership1. License of custom brokers for custom brokerage. 2. For foreign partnerships: Foreign Investment Agent Application Form Proof of Inward Remittance of non-resident alien partner or affidavitmanifestingintention not to register investment with the Bangko Sentral ngPilipinas If the document was signed abroad, it must be authenticated by thePhilippine Consular Office in the country it was executedRegistration Procedures:Secure name verification slip from the Records DivisionProceed to Cashier for payment of filing feeSubmit documents to the Receiving Unit of the Records SectionThe documents are then forwarded to the Company Registration andMonitoring Department (CRMD) and assigned to processorsTyping pool prepares Certificate of Registration and returns to aprocessor (or a lawyer) and Assistant Director for initialsDirector of the CRMD signs the Certificate of PartnershipThe certificate of registration is forwarded to the Releasing Unit ofthe Records Division (ground floor), where it may be claimed by theapplicant upon presentation of receipt as proof of payment of thefiling feeNotes:Applications of domestic corporations (stock) where subscribedcapital stock are paid in cash are forwarded by the Records Divisiondirectly to the Company Registration and Pre-Need Department (CRPD). Verified name is deemed unofficial unless approved by the Commission,i.e., after issuance of the certificate of incorporationFor businesses involving pre-need plans and commodity futures,clearance of the proposed corporate name from the Pre-need Departmentand Market Regulation department is required before verification ofthe name with the Records Division at the SEC Annex Bldg. The application for registration of non-stock corporations isprocessed solely by the CRPD. Application under the Foreign Investment Act of 1991 or those with morethan 40% foreign equity are processed first by CRMD before payment offiling fee. Registering with the Social Security System (SSS)An employer, or any person who uses the services of another person inbusiness,trade, industry or any undertaking must be registered with the SSS. Social,civic, professional, charitable and other non-profit organizations, whichhire the services of employees, are considered employers.Register at:Social Security System (SSS)SSS Bldg., East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon CityTel. Nos. 920-6401, 920-6446Email: emailprotectedSingle ProprietorshipsAn owner of a single proprietorship business may accomplish and submit SSSForms R-1 (Employers Data Record) and R-1A (Initial or Subsequent List ofEmployees). PartnershipsAny of the partners of a partnership firm should accomplish SSS Forms R-1and R-1A and submit these forms together with a photocopy of the Articlesof Partnership. The original copy of the Articles of Partnership must bepresented for authentication. CorporationsA corporation must accomplish SSS Forms R-1 and R-1A signed by itspresident or any of the corporate officers or incorporators. Submit theseforms together with the photocopy of the Articles of Incorporation. Theoriginal copy of the Articles of Incorporation must be presented to the SSSfor authentication. Registering with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA)All cooperatives are required to register with the CDA as per Republic Act6938/6939. Register at:Cooperative Development Authority6F Benlor Bldg., 1184 Quezon Ave., Quezon CityTel. No. 373-6896Steps:Submit four copies of the Articles of CooperationSubmit four copies of the By-LawsSubmit four copies of the Economic Survey (feasibility study)Submit Bond Accountable Officers (Fidelity, Cash, or Surety)Capitalization not lower than P2,000 (depending on the activitiesregistered)Minimum members of at least 15Registering with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)Every business enterprise has to register with the BIR for taxationpurposes. Below are the steps to follow:Secure a permanent record file number of Tax Identification Number(TIN) from the BIR National Office in Diliman, Quezon CityRegister the business/trade name at the BIR office nearest you. Secure and file an application form, together with supporting papers,as follows:Mayors permitCertificate of Business Name Registration from the DTIArticles of Partnership or CorporationResidence CertificateSecure authority to print books of account, invoices, receipts, andother accounting records by filling up four copies of an applicationform. Attach four draft copies of the material to be printed as wellas a copy of the job order. Register book of accounts, invoices, receipts, etc. Registering with the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)Business establishments with five or more employees are encouraged toregister with DOLE, the agency which monitors compliance with labor laws. Registration is mandatory for firms which employ 50 or more workers. The Bureau of Local Employment administers the registration ofestablishments. To register, secure and fill up a registration form. Corporations are required to attach a photostat copy of the SEC Certificateof Registration. Registering with the Local GovernmentAll businesses, whatever the legal form, are required to secure a mayorspermit or municipal license from the municipality or city where they arelocated. Various cities and municipalities have different registrationprocedures, but the following steps prescribed in Quezon City would betypical:Go to the Business Permit and Licensing Office of Quezon City Hall. Secure an application form from the Public Assistance OfficeSubmit three copies of the form together with a simple sketch of yourbusiness location. Support application with a Certificate of Business NameRegistration from the DTI-NCR if you are using a firm name. A partnership or corporation must submit the correspondingArticles ofPartnership or Incorporation duly registered with the SECtogether with a photostat copy of the Certificate of Registration with the SEC andthe current class C certificate in the case of corporationsProceed to the City Treasurers Office for any payments to be made. Present Mayors Permit for issuance of municipal licensesBusiness establishments are required to exhibit the mayors permitconspicuously in the business establishment. Registering with Other AgenciesDepending on the type of products they manufacture or handle and on theirmarket orientation, certain firms are required by law to register withother government agencies:|Bureau of Food and Drugs |For manufacturers ||(BFAD) |of drugs,||Philinvest Corporate|cosmetics, and||Center, Alabang,|food products||Muntinlupa|||Tel. No. 807-0721/ Fax No.|||807-0751|||Email: emailprotected|||Garments and Textile|For all||Export Board (GTEB) |manufacturers of ||4/F, New Solid Bldg., 357 |garments and||Sen. Gil Puyat Ave. Makati|textile for ||City|exports.||Tel No. 890-4810/ Fax No. |||890-4653|||Email: emailprotected|||National Food Authority |For rice, corn,||Regulatory Division |and flour dealers.||10th flr., Matimyas |||Building, E. Rodriguez|||Sr., Quezon City|||Tel. 712-1719 / 712-1705 ||| |||Fiber Industry Development|For processors and||Authority|traders of fibers ||Asiatrust Bank, Annex|and fiber||Bldg., |products.||1424 Quezon Avenue, Quezon|||City|||Tel. 37 3-7489 / 373-9241 |||Bureau of Fisheries and|For those engaged ||Aquatic Resources (BFAR) |in the export of ||Arcadia Building, Quezon |fish and fish||Avenue, Quezon City |products and other||Tel. 372-5057 / 373-7452 |aquatic products. ||Bureau of Animal Industry |For exporters of ||(BAI)|animals and animal||Visayas Avenue, Quezon|by-products ||City|||Tel. 927-0971 / 926-8814 |||Bureau of Plant Industry |For exporters of ||(BPI)|plant and plant||San Andres, Malate, Manila|products|| |||Tel. 525-7857 / 524-0768 |||Bureau of Forest|For exporters of ||Development|forest products||FMB Building, Visayas|(e.g., logs,||Avenue, |lumber products, ||Diliman, Quezon City|plywood etc.)||Tel. 927-4788 / 925-2138 |||National Tobacco|For those engaged ||Administration|in the production ||NTA Bldg., Panay Ave.,|or export of||cor. Sct. Reyes St. Quezon|flue-cured ||City|Virginia-type||Tel. No. 374-3987/ |tobacco, Burley||374-2505|tobacco, and|| |Turkish/Oriental || |tobacco products. ||DTI- Bureau o f Product|For commodity||Standards (BPS)|clearance for||3/F, Trade and Industry|producers, ||Bldg., 361 Sen. Gil Puyat |manufacturers or ||Ave., Makati City|exporters their ||Tel. No. 890-4965/ |products will be ||890-4924|tested to ensure ||Fax No. 890-5131|that they meet||Email: emailprotected |established || |standards. ||National Subcontractors|For businesses||Exchange (SUBCONEX) DTI |interested in||NCR|tie-ups with||12/F, Trafalgar Plaza, 105|export-oriented||H.V. dela Costa St. |firms as||Salcedo Village, Makati|sub-contractors/su||City|ppliers provided ||Tel. No. 811-8231 to 33|they fall under||Email: emailprotected |any of the || |following sectors:|| |garments and|| |handwoven fabrics,|| |gifts and|| |housewares, || |furniture and|| |fixtures, footwear|| |and leather goods,|| |fresh and|| |processed foods|| |and jewelry.||Intellectual Property|For firms that||Office (IPO) |want to register ||IPO Bldg., 351 Sen. Gil|their patents and ||Puyat Ave. Makati City|trademarks. || Tel./Fax No. 890-4862;|||890-4942|||Email: emailprotected||| |||DTI Bureau of Trade|For enterprises||Regulation and Consumer|engaged directly ||Protection (BTRCP) |or indirectly in ||2/F, Trade and Industry|the servicing,||Bldg., 361 Sen. Gil Puyat |repair or||Ave. Makati City|maintenance of||Tel. No. 896-5785; Fax.|vehicles, engines ||No. 890-4949 |and engineering||Email: |works, electrical ||emailprotected|components, || |electronics,|| |air-conditioning || |and refrigeration,|| |office machines|| |and data|| |processing, || |equipment, medical|| |and dental || |equipment. || |Technical|| |personnel (e.g., || |mechanics or|| |technicians) are || |also within the|| |scope of the|| |BTRCP.|Hiring/Training PersonnelYour workers are essential to your business. Remember that without workers,you cannot have a business. Even if youre running a very small operation,you cannot expect to do everything yourself. As manager, you must see to itthat you have the right employees, and that you t rain them well, andmotivate them to do their very best at work. Know your employees rights:Equal Work Opportunities for All. Male and female employees are entitled toequal compensation as well as equal access to promotion and trainingopportunities. It is unlawful to discriminate against female employees. Itis also unlawful to hire a woman on condition that she should not getmarried, or to stipulate expressly or tacitly that a woman employee shallbe deemed dismissed if she gets married. Security of Tenure. Every employee shall be assured security of tenure. Noemployee can be dismissed from work except for a just or authorized cause,and only after due process. Work Days and Work Hours. Work Day refers to any day during which anemployee is regularly required to work. Hours of Work refer to all the timean employee renders actual work, or is required to be on duty or to be at aprescribed workplace. The normal hours of work in a day is eight hours. This includes breaks or rest period of less than one hour, but excludesmeal periods, which shall not be less than one hour. ||Three types of LeavesService Incentive Leave (SIL) an employee is entitled to a five-dayleave with pay after one year of service. Maternity Leave the leave granted on the occasion of childbirth,abortion, or miscarriage of a female member of the SSS who has paid atleast three monthly contributions within the 12-month periodimmediately preceding her childbirth or miscarriage. Paternity Leave a male employee can go on leave for seven days withfull pay when his legitimate spouse gives birth or suffers amiscarriage. Wage and Wage-Related Benefits. Wage is the amount paid to an employee inexchange for a task, piece of work, or service rendered to an employer. This includes overtime, night differential, rest day, holiday and 13thmonth pay. It also includes the fair and reasonable value of board,lodging, and other facilities customarily furnished by the employer. Safe Working Conditions. Employers must provide workers with every kind ofon-the-job protection against injury, sickness, or death through safe andhealthful working conditions. Rest Days and Holidays. Rest Day refers to any rest period of not lessthan 24 consecutive hours after not more than six consecutive work days. Holidays or Special Days are classified as such by law or declared bycompetent public authority, whether or not it falls on an employees WorkDay or Rest Day. Right to Self-Organization and Collective Bargaining. Every worker has aright to self-organization, i.e., form or join a legitimate workersorganization, association, or union of his choice free from interferencefrom the employer or from the government. Except for those classified asmanagerial or confidential, all employees may form or join unions forpurposes of collective bargaining and other legitimate concertedactivities. An employee is eligible for membership in an appropriate unionon the first day of his or her employment. Workers Participation and Tripartism. Workers have a right to participatein policy and decision-making processes in matters directly affecting them. They have a right to take part in tripartite activities with government andemployers organizations. Through their organizations, workers are entitledto representation in tripartite decision-making functions as defined bylaw, including fixing of wages and resolution of labor disputes. Getting Your Business StartedNow you can start your business. Remember that being an entrepreneur alsomeans you have a social responsibility to your employees and to thecommunity you serve. This means that you must pay decent wages, give yourcustomers their moneys worth, and compete fairly in the market. Keep in mind that business is uncertain. Not everything will go accordingto plan. When the unexpected happens, dont blame other people, thegovernment, a poor business environment, or bad luck. Successfulentrepreneurs learn from their failures. Once you have made up your mind,have laid down your plans, and are determined to face the challenges ahead,you are ready to join the ranks. Welcome to the world of business!

UC Berkeley Free OpenCourseWare Online Classes

UC Berkeley Free OpenCourseWare Online Classes Every semester, University of California Berkeley records several popular courses and offers them free to the public as OpenCourseWare classes. New lectures are posted online each week during the run of the course. The webcast classes are archived for about a year; then  theyre removed from distribution. Like other OpenCourseWare programs, UC Berkeley usually doesnt offer credit or  student/teacher interaction for these free online classes. Where to Find UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare UC Berkeley’s OpenCourseWare webcasts can be found on three websites: Webcast. Berkeley, Berkeley on YouTube, and Berkeley on iTunes University.  By subscribing to UC Berkeley courses via iTunes, you’ll receive new lectures automatically and save a copy of each course on your hard drive. If you’re an RSS user, you can subscribe to a course through the Webcast Berkeley website and watch lectures in Google Reader or another appropriate application. The YouTube site provides streaming videos that can be watched anywhere or embedded in a website or blog. How to Use UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare If you plan to use UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare, it’s advisable to start at the beginning of the semester. Since lectures are posted online shortly after they’re given, you’ll be able to watch up-to-date recordings that reflect the most recent research and world events.The UC Berkeley websites offer only lectures, not assignments or reading lists. However, independent learners are often able to gather class materials by visiting the lecturers’ websites. When watching the first video of a course, be sure to listen for a class web address. Many lecturers provide downloadable material on their sites. Top Free Online Subjects From UC Berkeley Since UC Berkeley’s webcasts vary between semesters, there’s always something new to explore. Popular subjects include computer science, engineering, English, and psychology. Check out the Berkeley website for the most up-to-date list. Three sample classes include: How to Write an Essay: This  five-week  introduction to academic writing for English language learners  focuses on essay development, grammar, and self-editing. The  course is free, but two additional fee-based components are offered: a certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained and  weekly interactive  small-group sessions with a live mentor.Marketing Analytics: Products, Distribution, and Sales: This four-week  course offers instruction in advanced concepts such as conjoint analysis and decision tree methodologies to product decisions  as well as  the best ways to distribute and sell offerings to consumers. Also provided for a  fee is a certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained in the course.The Science of Happiness: This eight-week course teaches the science of positive psychology, which explores the roots of a happy and meaningful life. A  certificate highlighting the knowledge and skills gained in the course is  offered for aà ‚  fee. Part of a Partnership The UC Berkeley OpenCourseWare program is partnered with edX, an online course provider that offers more than 1,900 free and fee-based online courses from over 100 institutions worldwide. The partnership, founded by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also includes nonprofit institutions, national governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations.

Description of Place, or Thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Description of Place, or Thing - Essay Example The success rate of players is low as well and therefore, few number of athletes make up to the international stage whereas, others remain unknown to the world. The role of luck is very notable in the process of predicting success in the field of sports. The success in the world sports is determined by one’s ability of being at the right place at the right time. The sports in general promote social equality, justice and humanistic values in the community because in the ground everybody is a player and equal to all fellow humans regardless of his or her sexual orientation, race and color. The leading players in the history are living the worst possible lives after the retirements and there is nobody who is even willing to take care of them. Furthermore, humans need regular exercise in order to remain fit while; the professional sportsmen are needed to make a living by joining and working in other professional fields so that they can remain immune to ill-effects of early retirem ent that is pretty much a time honored tradition and convention in the area of ice-hockey. The safety of the players should be enhanced by making new laws and rules in sports like ice-hock. The human limit to suffer physical pain and exertion must be tested in a human way. The profession of sports should not be considered as a battlefield but a place where healthy and safe competition can prevail. The notion of pain as an integral part of ice-hock should be challenged by making new laws and policies for safeguarding players from

Status report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Status report - Assignment Example Households are also being educated on maintenance including protective measures to save units and panels from heavy rains. Scenario 1. Consulting/ knowing the facts are needed in planning the communication (Wolf, 1974). There is a reason why many of the technical staff do not come before 9:00 a.m. Possibly, they need to complete a heavy work load since they leave later in the evening. Prior to written communication, the project manager can meet the technical group to understand the problem and gain commitment for a stricter 9:00 a.m. rule. Compromise on late hours work may be reached through overtime incentives, if needed. An objective and well supported memorandum can then be prepared. Scenario 2. General announcements will involve informing all levels-- department heads, supervisors and rank-and-file. If the new direction is great in scope, the upper/middle management should be consulted. With gathered insights/greater objectivity, a general memorandum announcement can then be made channeled through various departments. The company newsletter can also be used to ensure wider dissemination in the company, while the company website information can serve outside clientele. Scenario 3. Action must support communication (Wolf). Project manager should find out the cause of the problem. Then a personal visit to the aggrieved manager, if he/she is open to an appointment, can be used to cordially explain your side—your regular reporting, as well as the inclusion in the list of the executive sponsor, and the cause of the problem. Possibly, a formal memo of explanation may not even be needed, unless the executive asks for it. Scenario 4. Business communication is reciprocal and multidirectional (Wolf). It goes in vertical, horizontal and diagonal directions. Thus, communication may go horizontally at the project team level, upward-downward between

Christian formatiom for Holistic Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christian formatiom for Holistic Care - Essay Example ion and Psychiatry have a mysterious relationship, medical studies have linked an improvement in the health of a being, reduced apprehension, and long life to religion and spirituality (Lawrence, et al, 2007). The authors also indicate that it is not clear what psychiatrists should do in the event that they encounter a spiritual patient, though the medics admit to the huge role played by spirituality in the medical field (Lawrence et al, 2007). From the raw data collected and analyzed by Lawrence et al (2007), psychiatrists have been indicated to address the concept of religion whilst in the clinical setting. In fact, at times they are forced to inquire about the patient’s spirituality, especially in times when these patients suffer from depression (Lawrence et al, 2007). This is to mean that spirituality has been regarded as a key player in the entire medical care and practice. The influence of religion has been said to give the patients optimism, a calm condition of the mind, and generally, a positive health status (Lawrence et al, 2007). Just like Curlin et al (2007) indicate, the role of religion in medicine has slowly gained root in the entire profession. Lawrence et al (2007) also attest to the fact that psychiatrists are more than ever open to discussions on spirituality issues with their patients. This is an interpretation of the fact that they have a positive attitude towards prayer; despite of the fact religion may also have negative effects on the patients (Lawrence et al, 2007). This study can be said to contrast the usual perception that medics ignore the issue of religion/spirituality of their patients. Essentially, Lawrence et al (2007) give a good example of how medics work in close relation with the members of the clergy in relation to health provision. However, it is important to note that, as Lawrence et al (2007) write, a lot of medics do not have the professional know-how on how to deal with religion issues; they therefore rely on their

Literature Review of Methods for Earthquake Analysis

Literature Review of Methods for Earthquake Analysis CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 INTRODUCTION Earthquakes result from the sudden movement of tectonic plates in the earths crust. The movement takes place at fault lines, and the energy released is transmitted through the earth in the form of waves that causes ground motion many miles from the epicenter. Regions adjacent to active fault lines are the most prone to experience earthquake. As the ground moves, inertia tends to keep structure in place, resulting in the imposition of displacements and forces that can have catastrophic results. The purpose of the seismic design is to proportion structures so that they can withstand the displacements and the forces induced by the ground motion. Seismic design has emphasised the effects of horizontal ground motion, because the horizontal components of an earthquake usually exceed the vertical component and because structures are usually much stiffer and stronger in response to vertical loads than they are in response to horizontal loads. Any learning process has different components through which learning takes place. School learning may be based on book knowledge, theoretical explanations and study, but most people learn more from real examples and learning by doing. Seeing is also much more educative than just reading, reason for which the illustration of a topic is of great importance to the learning process. Analysing post earthquake pictures does vividly teach about what designs were faulty and why. Unfortunately, that cannot be said from the structures that were not damaged because from the outside little can be seen. Only the study of the drawings and calculations can determine why a certain structure did not fail, and while neighbouring structure were damaged or totally collapsed. In particular those constructions that are at the point of total failure are interesting because they present themselves as a freeze frame during the process of collapsing. Earthquake engineers in recent years have emphasized the need for performance-based seismic analysis. An essential element in many seismic evaluations is the determination of ultimate inelastic response of the structure. Performance-based methods require reasonable estimates of inelastic deformation or damage in structures which are better quantities to assess damage than stress or forces. The performance based analysis is based on quantifying the deformation of the members and the bridge structure as a whole, under the lateral forces of an earthquake of a certain level of seismic hazard. Existing codes are based on elastic analysis which has no measure of the deformation capability of members of bridges. The performance based analysis gives the analyst more choice of ‘performance’ of the bridges as compared to the limit states of collapse and serviceability in a design based on limit state method. Flexibility of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall decrease in lateral stiffness of the structural system. Such lengthening of lateral natural period may considerably alter the seismic response of the building frames resting on isolated foundation. Considerable amount of works have been carried out in the above said areas by researchers. In the present work, a few literatures related to these areas are reviewed and reported. 2.2 CODAL PROVISIONS FOR PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS The FEMA-273 (1997) document provides technically sound and acceptable guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. The guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings are intended to serve as a ready tool for design professionals, a reference document for building regulatory officials, and a foundation for the future development and implementation of building code provisions and standards. This document provides different Seismic performance levels of buildings for structural and Non-structural components in detail. It also gives different analysis procedures used for Seismic rehabilitation of buildings. The FEMA-349 (2000) action plan presents a rational and cost effective approach by which building stakeholders: owners, financial institutions, engineers, architects, contractors, researchers, the public and governing agencies, will be able to move to a performance based design and evaluation system. The plan recognizes that there is a strong demand from stakeholder groups for more reliable, quantifiable and practical means to control building damage. It also recognizes that there is not a focused understanding among these groups as to how these goals can be obtained. This Plan describes how performance based seismic design guidelines can be developed and used to achieve these goals. It engages each of the groups in the development of these guidelines, by which future building design will become more efficient and reliable. The FEMA-356 (2000) standard is intended to serve as a nationally applicable tool for design professionals, code officials, and building owners undertaking the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings. The procedures contained in this standard are specifically applicable to the rehabilitation of existing buildings and are, in general, more appropriate for that purpose than are new building codes. Advancement of present-generation performance-based seismic design procedures is widely recognized in the earthquake engineering community as an essential next step in the nation’s drive to develop resilient, loss-resistant communities. FEMA 445 (2006) program plan offers a step-by-step, task-oriented program that will develop next-generation performance-based seismic design procedures and guidelines for structural and nonstructural components in new and existing buildings. This program plan is a refinement and extension of two earlier FEMA plans: FEMA 273 Performance-Based Seismic Design of Buildings – an Action Plan, which was prepared by the Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California at Berkeley in 1997, and FEMA 349 Action Plan for Performance Based Seismic Design, which was prepared by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute in 2000. The state of practice for performance-based assessment, performance-based design of new buildings, and performance-based upgrades of existing buildings will all be significantly advanced under this Program Plan. ATC-40 (1996) document provides a comprehensive, technically sound recommended methodology for the seismic evaluation and retrofit design of existing concrete buildings. Although it is not intended for the design of new buildings, the analytical procedures are applicable. The document applies to the overall structural system and its elements and components. The methodology used here is performance based: the evaluation and retrofit design criteria are expressed as performance objectives, which defines desired levels of seismic performance when the building is subjected to specified levels of seismic ground motion. Acceptable performance is measured by the level of structural and/or non-structural damage expected from the earthquake shaking. Damage is expressed in terms of post yield, inelastic deformation limits for various structural components and elements found in concrete buildings. The analytical procedure incorporated in the methodology accounts for post elastic deformations of the structure by using simplified nonlinear static analysis methods. IRC 6 The object of the Standard Specifications and Code of Practice is to establish a common procedure for the design and construction of road bridges in India. This publication is meant to serve as a guide to both the design engineer and the construction engineer but compliance with the rules therein does not relieve them in any way of their responsibility for the stability and soundness of the structure designed and erected by them. The design and construction of road bridges require an extensive and through knowledge of the science and technique involved and should be entrusted only to specially qualified engineers with adequate practical experience in bridge engineering and capable of ensuring careful execution of work. IS 1893 (Part 3): 2002 The standard (Part 3) deals with the assessment of earthquake forces and design of new bridges on highways, railways, flyover bridges, pedestrian bridges, submersible bridges, utility bridges and aqueducts. The earthquake effect on retaining walls and bridge abutments are covered. The hydrodynamic effect of water on submerged substructure and method of assessment of liquefaction potential of soil is also included. The methodology of estimation of seismic forces given in the code can be employed for seismic evaluation of the existing bridges and retrofitting of such structures.This standard deals with the earthquake resistant design of regular bridges in which the seismic actions are mainly resisted at abutments or through flexure of piers, that is, bridges composed of vertical pier-foundation system supporting the deck structure with/without bearings. However for all special and major bridges, detailed dynamic studies should be undertaken.This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to earthquake resistant design of bridges. RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS Greg Griffin and M. Saiid Saiidi, have made a study to better understand the bridge response due to site response effect. Several methods are available to predict bridge response to incoherent ground motions, but are typically cost prohibitive to implement in standard bridge designs. To simplify the analysis and understand the pseudo-static displacement and acceleration behavior, they developed a response history computer model for a two degree of freedom (DOF) system. A super structure of a bridge is represented by shear beam connected both DOF. They used Superposition of the pseudo-static and acceleration response in order to determine the total DOF response. The site response effect was predicted by a SDOF, nonlinear ground response model. An iteration scheme using the Newton-Raphson method was implemented and it has been verified with an equivalent linear stiffness method. Later Parametric studies were conducted on different structure masses and shear beam stiffnesses. For varied soil depths at supports, they used three different earthquake ground motions. A stiffness parameter defined as Coupling Ratio (CR) varies from 0 (each DOF responds independently) to 1 (rigid body response) has been observed. Then the magnification factors were calculated as the ratio of the relative displacement at each DOF due to the incoherent ground motion to the uniform base motion response. They observed from the study that magnification factors could be used to account for ground motion incoherency by modifying the response of a two DOF system subjected to uniform base motion. Said M. Allam and T. K.Datta , studied on response spectrum method of analysis for suspension bridges subjected to multicomponent, partially correlated stationary ground motion. This analysis conducted is based on the relationship between the power spectral density function and the response spectrum of the input ground motion and fundamentals of the frequency domain spectral analysis. They said that analysis duly takes into account the spatial correlation of ground motions between the supports, also the quasi-static component of the response, and the modal correlation between different modes of vibration. They have analyzed the suspension bridge under a set of important parametric variations to study (1) The comparison between the responses obtained by the response spectrum method of analysis and the frequency domain spectral analysis; and (2) To investigate the behavior of suspension bridges under seismic excitation. The parameters defined in analysis include the spatial correlation of ground motion, the ratio between the three components of ground motion, the angle of incidence of the earthquake, the nature and number of modes considered in the analysis, and the nature of the power spectral density function of ground motion. They finally concluded that the response spectrum method of analysis provides a fair estimate of responses under parametric variations considered in the study. TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS Yong Deng, a senior structural engineer has made a research on seismic issues over structures. He studied that Non-linear Time history Analysis simulates the structure behavior under severe Earthquake movement exactly than any other methods. In his paper, Non-linear time history analysis has been presented with one of the world famous project. Yerba Buena Island (YBI) West-Bound (WB) Ramps are portion of San Fransisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Project. The ramps are touched down to Yerba Buena Island from YBI WB widening by hinges. . This project is located at a 0.627g Site Specific Response for Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE). YBI WB On-ramp is a highly horizontally Curved Bridge with radius of 38.8 meters. He mentioned that Seismic behavior is very important for the project. In order to understand structural non-linear behavior, especially highly horizontally curved bridge behavior under severe earthquake events, YBI WB On-ramp stand-alone bridge is analyzed by non-linear time history analysis method. A analysis software SAP 2000 with Hilber-Hughes-Taylor ÃŽ ± direct integration method is used for Non-linear Time History Analysis. Seismic Modeling is also discussed in this paper. Then he has used six sets of acceleration time histories for Non-linear Time History Analysis by SAP 2000. Also a program developed by University of California-Berkeley is used to verify Non-linear Time history Analysis accuracy in this paper. Site Specific Response Spectra ARS is also used for liner analysis and compared with results of Non-linear Time History Analysis and with the program developed by California-Berkeley University. Later the Non-linear push-over analysis is performed to determine the structural capacity and ductility under severe earthquake events. Finally, discrepancies between different program analyses are discussed and recommendations are presented. R. K. Dowell, has studied on a new method for finding member forces for statically indeterminate bridge frames. He said that the unique aspect of this new method is that it produces exact member-end-moments for statically indeterminate bridge frames from simple closed-form equations, without the need to setup and solve a system of simultaneous equations, as required in the stiffness method. Also the result shows that new method is 1000 times faster than any of the currently available methods that depend on matrix manipulation. He presented the incremental form of the closed-form approach and nonlinear time-history results for a typical bridge frame subjected to earthquake loading are compared with the results obtained from stiffness method. Finally he concluded that new closed form approach is based on modified classical analysis techniques and is so fast and stable that bridge designers may now consider using nonlinear time-history analysis for the seismic design of typical highway bridge structures. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS Mark R. Capron, he made a study on pushover based seismic evaluation of a 2,164 m long bridge located near the New Madrid Seismic Zone in southeastern Missouri. His research includes the existing structure, and the substructure retrofitted with column jackets, cap-beam modifications, and seismic isolation bearings. The research shows that the existing structure has 30% to 40% of the displacement capacity required for the 500 year design level, and significantly less than required for the 1,000 and 2,500 year levels that retrofits can improve performance to the 500 year level and that isolation bearings can improve performance of the main spans. Ima Muljati and Pennung Warnitchai, has studied the performance of Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) in predicting the inelastic seismic response of multi-span concrete bridges. Considered bridge is subjected to lateral forces distributed proportionally over the span of the bridge in accordance to the product of mass and displaced shape. Later the bridge is pushed up to the target displacement determined from the peak displacement of the nth mode inelastic Single Degree of Freedom System derived from Uncoupled Modal Response History Analysis. Then the peak response from each mode is combined using Square-Root of Sum-of-Square (SRSS) rule. Results shows that the use of SRSS rule is not appropriate in this bridge and the displaced pattern is shifted from the elastic shape due to yielding, Modal Pushover Analysis can predict well the total peak response of the bridge in inelastic range. P.S.Lande and A.D.Yawale, they studied that the structures within elastic range have quiet high displacement forces. Therefore it requires linear methods for analysis. He said that the bridge being a special type of structure requires higher load carrying capacity due to introduction of ductility in design requiring the design for lesser forces as compared to the forces obtained in elastic range. To evaluate the Non-linear behavior and consequent failure pattern in different components of the bridge, Pushover analysis is an effective tool. In his study, he deals with nonlinear pushover analysis at a specific bridge structure with elastic foundation in urban area. The procedure recommended in ATC 40 (Capacity Spectrum method) is adopted for analysis under various seismic demands. The hinge formations for expected performance level are recorded. The response parameter like base shear roof displacement are studied. Performance point for bridge under consideration is determined. Jasmin A. Gadhiya and Anuj K. Chandiwala, has made a study on pushover analysis of bridge after 2001 Gujarat Earthquake and 2005 Kashmir Earthquake, and said that there is a nation-wide attention to the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing important structures. There are so many literatures available on the seismic evaluation procedures of multi-storeyed buildings using pushover analysis. Its known that bridge is a very important structure in any country but there is no much effort available in literature for seismic evaluation of existing bridges. Bridges extends horizontally with its two ends restrained and that particular characteristic make the dynamic behavior of bridges different from building. Modal analysis of a 3D bridge model reveals that it has many closely spaced modes. Participating mass ratio for the higher modes is very high. Therefore, pushover analysis with single load pattern may not yield correct results In order to address this problem, the aims of their s tudy was to carry out a seismic evaluation case study for an existing RC bridge using nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and upper bound push over analysis and suggest whichever is better to understand bridge structural behavior. They considered a 12-span existing RC bridge for the case study. Standard pushover analysis using FEMA 356 (2000) displacement coefficient method and an upper bound pushover analysis method is used to analyses the bridge in which they have considered higher mode effects. And they concluded that evaluation results presented are shows that the selected bridge does not have the capacity to meet any of the desired performance level.